My T-Shirt has reflex action

I remember when I wear my T-Shirt, most of my classmates use to say "Oh! Again did you wear that doggy T-Shirt?". Actually, my that piece of drapery has a picture of dog's outline figure. I simply reply to them "this reminds me of Ivan Pavlov".

Ivan Pavlov was the person who demonstrated the  conditioned reflex action for the first time. And dog? here is the concept:

Reflex action is the one which the body produces in response to a sudden stimulus and the response is too quick to think of what is right or wrong. For example: sudden closing of eyes when dust approaches it OR the jerk on the hand when we come across an electric shock. A more common reflex is a KNEE JERK REFLEX ACTION.

The reflex is of two types:
1) Natural
2) Conditioned

Natural is the one which is inborn. Even a small child will do that. Conditioned is the one to which body gets used to with the course of time.

Examples:
1) We keep on reading the papers or books with ultimate flow. Actually, in earlier stages of learning, we learn letter by letter and then form words. With time, we gets habitual to most of words and understand the whole of the word at the instant only by judging few of its initial letters. Mostly, we never read the entire spelling of the words. That's why, sometimes we skip very small mistakes that come across us because eyes just look at some arranged words but does not care to read entire word always. This sometimes also cause us to misinterpret some words whose spelling are very similar.

2) Suppose, you are studying in a silent room. Suddenly, someone turns the fan ON. The sound of fan will disturb your concentration. But soon, you grab the attention in reading again and forget the fan's sound as if it is not their. Your ears listen to them, but your brain simply ignores those sounds from interpretation as if noise id being rectified from a TV signal by booster. It means, you soon gets used to that sound.

3) The typists make such practice that they don't even care where their fingers are going, but keep on typing the content.

4) Once you get used to your computer or mobile phone, you don't need to read the entire text of what is appearing on the screen. You mostly skip a lot of things. This is what's known as "used to", but in place of that, if you are given a new OS of computer or a new mobile with different features, you need some days to get used to it.

But where is the DOG?

Ivan Pavlov did and experiment with a DOG to prove the conditioned reflex action. He took a dog and showed him food. Simultaneously, he rang a bell. The dog gave saliva due to food. Then Pavlov gave food to dog. Next day also, he did show the food to dog and rang the bell. Dog again released saliva on seeing the food. Then the food was given. The same process was repeated for many days. After many days, once, pavlov did not bring the food, but he DID RING THE BELL. The dog again gave saliva. It was proven that for dog, the bell had formed a connection with food and whenever the bell rings, the food will be given. The dog was used to the bell's sound, not to the food's vision.

When I was in my high school, and I was studying these concepts, I did see the image of a dog in my book along with the related article of Pavlov. That dog resembled to the one on my T-Shirt. And Now, I am used to it. Whenever someone even points to my T-Shirt, I just start thinking of that page in my book unknowingly, unwillingly. I think, I have developed a conditioned reflex action within me to this T-Shirt.

Why are carrots red?

Carrots are usually said to be orange colored. This is what is the usual color of carrots in western countries and southern India. Yet, I have seen carrots such intensely deep red colored that it sometimes seems to me as if brown colored. Doesn't matter how dense the color density is, it is actually due to a chemical 'Carotene'.

The word 'Carotene' seems to be derived from the word 'Carrot' itself though I did not get any reference for its name derivation.

And why are carrots good for eyes? Well, it again points to carotene. It is said that we get Vitamin A from carrots. But it is not completely true. The actual fact is as below:
Retinal + Water --> Carotene and this is a reversible reaction.
So we get,
Carotene ----> Retinal + Water.
This retinal binds with a retinol attaching protein in the human body and gets converted to retinol. Now this retinol is what we require for Eyes. The fun fact is that retinol is common name for Vitamin A.

Tech Fact: Usually, the color RED is associated with word 'ERYTHROS' in biology, eg: erythrocytes (RBC), Erythrina (a red colored plant) etc.

Tech Fact: The carrot is an example of Conical Tap Root System.

Tech Fact: Rabbits love carrots only due to high sugar content in it. Nothing else special. They will love grapes even more if you provide them. This high sugar content make carrots an ideal ingredient in many Indian food recipes.

Human Bones

The bones form the skeletal system. The skeleton actually is of two types; exoskeleton and endoskeleton. Humans don't have exoskeleton. Instead, we have epithelial system including skin, nails and hair.
The human skeleton is studied in two parts; (1) Axial skeletal system (2) Appendicular skeletal system.

(1) The axial skeletal system: The bones of body excluding hands and legs (technically, upper and lower limbs) and the bones involved in their joints to rest of the body (the girdles). Axial skeletal system is basically everything surrounding the medial line of the body. It is again divided into following parts:

 (a) Skull: Skull or head comprises of Cranium, Bones of ears and other facial bones. Sometimes, hyoid bone is also counted in the head itself. But I personally treat it as a seperate bone.
(i) Cranium: It consist of 1 frontal bone (forehead), 2 parietal bones (both sides of frontal), 2 temporal bones (till ears), 1 occipital bone (covering cerebellum, at the back), 1 sphenoid bone (hidden) and 1 ethmoid bone (hidden).
(ii) Bones of ears: Ears have 1 malleus each (also known as hammer bone), 1 incus each (also known as anvil bone) and 1 stapes (also known as stirrup bone, the smallest bone of the body). Thus making total 6 bones in ears.
(iii) Other facial bones: There is 1 mandible (lower jaw), 2 bones of maxilla (upper jaw) one each side, two paletine bones (on palate of oral cavity), 2 zygomatic bones (forming cheeks), 2 nasal bones, 2 lacrimal bones (behind nose), 2 inferior nasal conchae (in inner nasal cavity) and 1 vomer bone (hidden).
(iv) Hyoid bone: This is the only bone in the entire human body which is not articulated (connected with other bones) at all. It freely suspends with the help of muscles in throat.

(b) Vertebrae: It is also called as backbone. This is a misnomer because backbone is not a single bone. It is made up of five types of bones.
(i) Cervical: 7 in number. The topmost bone is known as atlas. The skull rotates on the atlas bone. The second cervical bone is axis. The The atlas gets fit on it. When a person is hanged, the shock of sudden pressure of rope on neck cause this socket of atlas and axis and axis gets through the spinal cord causing immediate death.
(ii) Thoracic: They are 12. 'Thoracic' word comes from thorax. These bones are just behind the chest.
(iii) Lumbar: They are 5 in number. They extend from bottom of chest to top of pelvis. Usually, for surgery below waist, doctors give the injection of anasthesia in lumbar region spinal cord.
(iv) Sacral: Initially, these bones used to be 5 in number before infancy, but with course of time, they fuse and form one sacrum bone.
(v) Coccyx: Also known as coccygeal bone, it is also a bone resulted as fusion of bones, just like sacrum.

(c) Sternum: It is known as chest bone. It is fusion of three bones, (i) Manubrum (top most), (ii) Gladiolus (middle and body of sternum) and (iii) Xiphoid process (bottom most).

(d) The rib-cage: The ribs are of 3 types: (i) true ribs, that connect the vertebra to sternum half way themselves, and remaining through cartillage. They are 7 pairs (total 14) (ii) False ribs, those do not join to sternum, but join to immediately previous rib to them. They are 3 pairs (total 6) (iii) Floating ribs, those do not connect to anything in ventral side at all but remain connected to vertebra in dorsal side. They are 2 pairs i.e. total 4. Hence, ribs are 24 in total.

(2) The appendicular skeletal system: This comprises of four parts. Two types of girdles and 2 types of limbs.

(a) The forelimbs: Hands make the forelimbs. It has 30 bones in each hand. 1 humerous (upper arm), 1 radius and 1 ulna (both in lower arm), 8 carpals (wrist bones), 5 metacarpals and 14 phalanges (3 in each finger and 2 in thumb).

(b) The hindlimbs: Technically, leg is just the lower part of the hindlimb. Each hindlimb also has 30 bones. Classification is as follows; 1 femur (the longest bone in body, present in thigh), 1 tibia and 1 ulna (both in leg), 7 tarsals (similar to 8 carpals in hand), 5 metatarsals (similar to 5 metacarpals in hand), 14 phalanges (similar to 14 phalanges in hand). The remaining one bone (short in tarsals, if compared with carpals) is the patella (also known as knee cap). Biologists believe that once upon a time, this bone also used to be a tarsal but with evolution, it merged out to be patella.

(c) The pelvic girdle: It connects the hindlimbs with the axial skeleton. It comprises of three bones namely ilium, ischium and pubis. Besides these bones, there is special importance of the acetabulum, the cavity for attachment of femur ot pelvis. Some anatomists consider the sacrum and coccyx in pelvic girdle rather than in vertebral column.

(d) The pectoral girdle: It connects the forelimbs with axial skeleton. It has two bones namely clavicle (collar bone) and scapula (shoulder blade). The analogous structure to acetabulum in pectoral girdle is glenoid cavity.

Tech Fact : Study of bones is known as osteology. Study of cartillage os known as chodriology.


Tech Fact : The proximal parts of long bones are seat of RBC formation. Usually, the bone marrow sample for medical-tests is taken from the iliac crest as it is closer to surface.
Tech Fact : Teeth are not counted among bones.
Tech Fact : Skeleton is the only portion left over when a cadaver is allowed to decompose under naturally circumstances. But cartillage decompose unlike bones.
Tech Fact : Bones are not dead. They need continuous blood supply to keep its cells remain alive. The tissues in bones are classified among connective tissues.

Diuretics

On the night of farewell and prom-night, we fetch our drinking water a little earlier than our usual times. If we delay, we know that after that, we are gonna be thirsty for the entire night. The reason? Seniors!
On such occasions, the seniors come drunk and ask for huge supply of water. They feel too thirsty that that population of 240 eventually drink as much water that the entire water tank becomes empty. To avoid that water crisis for us, we quietly get water for us at that time when the function is going on.

Why do people after getting drunk ask for more liquids to consume?
The body releases a hormone, ADH (short of Anti Diuretic Hormone) from the pituitary gland. The hormone is produced in Hypothalamus. It is responsible to make the urine very concentrated under the circumstances when body is short of water. It reabsorbs the water from the urine formed before ejecting out of the body. The very basic symptom of having water shortage in the body is increase in the intensity of yellow color of urine. It is due to less percentage of water and thus making the urine concentrated with urobilins, a breakdown product of bilirubin.

Alcohol does just opposite to ADH. It halts the absorbing of water from the urine and cause the excessive loss of water through micturation (the process of urination). Thus, it cause the drain of potassium ions and cause thirst.

A person was having dehydration. In a party, his friends forced him to drink. He was assured that alcohol itself is a liquid and liquids are nice to consume under dehydration. Already, he was short of fluids in body due to dehydration, and over that, alcohol showed its effect of being diuretic. This caused him critical loss of water and next morning, he was found dead.

People with any kind of drinks like Bear, whisky etc after consumption are seen to have excessive urination and it is advised to drink as much water as possible after you are drunk.

Tech Fact: Urea is formed in liver and not in Kidneys. The process is known as Citruline-Ornithine cycle.
Tech Fact: When liver fails to decrease bilirubin level in blood, body becomes pale, a condition known as jaundice.